The article is devoted to the analysis of possible ways of transmitting transgenerational experience of a traumatic nature to subsequent generations. Material and methods. Analysis of literature data from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, metaanalysis reviews, articles and monographs was used as methods. Preference has been given to publications in recent years. Поиск проводился в Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations, Web of Science и Theses Global, а также в PsycINFO и PubMed. Study results. The inevitability of the transpolated transfer of life experience necessary for the adaptation of subsequent generations is shown. Both positive experience associated with effective methods of coping with difficult life situations and negative painful experience loaded with affects and enclosed in an impenetrable barrier for the psyche in the form of primitive psychological protections are transmitted. Non-processed and non-integrated traumatic experience is transmitted from parents to children, manifested in the form of psychopathological and psychosomatic symptoms that reduce the quality of life and psychological well-being of subsequent generations. The direct process of transmitting traumatic experience (secondary mental traumatization) occurs through imitation, identification and empathy, when, entering into emotional resonance with the experiences of a significant adult, acting as the most referential person and adaptation resource, the child identifies with him, while mastering his survival resources and demonstrating similar patterns of behavior and psychological response, which are destructive in nature, reflecting the symptoms of unrelieved trauma.

Background. Systematic studies of the professional ethical attitudes and behavior of counseling psychologists are of great importance for the development of an ethical culture in psychological practice. However, despite the rapid development of psychological counseling in Russia, such studies have not yet been conducted.
Study Objective. To examine the frequency of potentially ethically controversial actions in the practice of Russian counseling psychologists, assess their ethical acceptability, and the influence of gender and level of professional training on behavior and beliefs.
Materials and Methods. A total of 161 respondents participated in an anonymous online survey conducted in 2019 and 2023. A methodology developed by K. Pope and B. Tabachnik, adapted for the Russian context, was used. Participants completed a questionnaire and rated the frequency of 75 types of professional behavior and their ethical acceptability on a 5-point scale.
Results. A significant discrepancy was revealed between the ethical beliefs of professionals and their actual practices, particularly in the areas of confidentiality, managing their own distress, informal forms of interaction with clients, and boundaries of competence. "Gray areas" of practice, where there is no ethical consensus among professionals, were identified. Statistically significant gender differences were found: male psychologists were more likely to engage in practices that weaken professional boundaries and were more likely to report sexual fantasies about clients. Having a specialized higher education did not reduce the overall frequency of ethical violations, but only changed their profile, calling into question the effectiveness of current training models.
Conclusions. The study demonstrates the need to develop systematic ethical monitoring in the Russian professional community as a mechanism for collective reflection and professional self-regulation.

Parent–child relationships constitute a fundamental component of the family system, characterized by continuity and long-term duration. These relationships are inherently dynamic, continuously evolving throughout the lifespan and undergoing transformations in response to age-related changes in both the child and the parent. The concept of «parental attitude» serves as a generalized construct encompassing the interconnection and interdependence between parent and child. The present study examines the associations between emotional communication in parent– child relationships and the psychosomatic well-being of the child. The analysis confirms the existence of a complex interplay among the family environment, the child’s psychological state, and behavioral patterns. It was established that emotional communication forms the foundation of the child’s psychosomatic well-being, highlighting the necessity of implementing a comprehensive approach that integrates educational and psychological interventions with targeted development of parents’ skills in effective emotional communication. The key conclusion is that a dysfunctional family environment – marked by emotional hostility, frequent conflicts, and disrupted relational bonds – provokes pronounced emotional and behavioral problems in children, contributes to the formation of maladaptive behavioral patterns, and impedes the development of healthy self-concept and interpersonal relationships. In contrast, a stable and harmonious family system supports positive developmental outcomes.

Objective: To develop a methodology for creating culturally adapted and psychometrically equivalent parallel forms of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for the Russian-speaking population, based on a critical analysis of existing test versions.
Methods. A detailed analysis of the stimulus material of the Russian-language version of MoCA 7.1 and available English-language parallel forms (7.2, 7.3, 8.2) was conducted. The study followed a stepwise examination of each of the seven subtests, assessing verbal and non-verbal stimuli, administration procedures, and scoring systems for their cultural and linguistic relevance to the Russian context and their susceptibility to the practice effect.
Results. Linguistic and cultural inconsistencies were identified that reduce the validity and reliability of the test in the Russian context. Key problems include the use of low-frequency vocabulary, images of animals not typical of Russian fauna, and the application of an education adjustment criterion that is incorrect for the Russian educational system. It was established that the identity of stimulus material on repeated administrations produces a pronounced practice effect, limiting the test's applicability for longitudinal monitoring. Based on the analysis, methodological principles for developing parallel forms were formulated: cultural-linguistic relevance (drawing on data from the Russian National Corpus), psychometric equivalence, minimization of the practice effect, and compliance with national standards.
Conclusions. The proposed methodology provides a scientifically grounded algorithm for creating parallel forms of the MoCA, focused not on direct translation of foreign analogs but on deep adaptation and generation of original stimulus material. Implementation of this approach will enable the development of tools that both enhance the validity of initial cognitive impairment screening and provide the means for objective assessment of cognitive status dynamics in Russian-speaking patients during treatment and rehabilitation.

This article presents a study reflecting the results of the testing and validation of the "Test of Maternal Relationships at the Stage of Mother-Child System Formation" method. The results of the testing and validation of the TOM method were obtained using a clinical sample (N=205). The clinical group of respondents consisted of women with and without a history of perinatal loss, whose pregnancies resulted in the birth of a child with a medical condition.
Results of the study: The modification of the methodology consisted in a substantive change in the questions aimed at identifying the characteristics of women's attitudes in the categories of "attitude to motherhood", "attitude to the mother-child system", "attitude to the attitude of others". The term "hypoinfantognosic type of attitude" was introduced. The results of validation are described: the Cronbach's alpha indicator for the scales characteristic of the euphoric (a = 0.608), optimal (a = 0.72), anxious (a = 0.65), hypoinfantognosic (a = 0.82), depressive (a = 0.75) types of maternal attitude, indicates sufficient internal consistency of the TOM technique. The diagnostic sensitivity of the method's scale indicators was confirmed (Student's t-test and Pearson correlation analysis). Five main clusters were identified, characterized by a balance of the existing scales, and two clusters including scales specific to different types of relationships (variable clustering using the long-range coupling method). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 and Jamovi 2.4.1.
The "Mother Relationship Test during the Mother-Child Dyad Existence" (the "Pregnant Woman Relationship Test" in its modification) can be used by clinical (perinatal) psychologists for diagnostic purposes, both in the case of the birth of a healthy newborn and in the case of a child with a medical condition.

The aim of the study is to determine the possibilities of correcting situational and personal anxiety in pregnant women using psychoemotional relaxation training controlled by EEG-BOS.
Material and methods. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women aged 26 to 37 years in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. 
Methods: the Spielberg Self-Assessment Scale of Anxiety, adapted by Yu.D. Khanin. A course of training for pregnant women in the method of psychoemotional relaxation using EEG-BOS, consisting of 10 sessions, "The Office of Psychophysiological Preparation of Pregnant Women for Childbirth" produced by ZAO "Biosvyaz". 
Conclusions An increase in the level of alpha rhythm and a decrease in both personal and situational anxiety in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters were observed. The most effective methods of mental relaxation were those that the pregnant women chose for themselves.

According to data from the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM) for 2022 [1], one in three Russians believes in the ability to predict fate, one in four believes in witchcraft and the possibility of hexing, and 66 percent of respondents partially acknowledge certain mystical phenomena. Prelogical thinking and irrational beliefs are considered in modern psychology in the context of personality adaptation mechanisms under uncertainty. A natural-scientific worldview dominates the professional training of medical specialists. However, there is evidence that superstitious and paranormal beliefs become more prominent in future doctors in stressful situations that frequently arise during their academic and professional activities. The aim of this study is to examine prelogical thinking and superstitious behavior in medical students as factors in their adaptation to high professional responsibility and stress. A total of 226 students participated in the survey phase and 62 respondents in the testing phase. Results. The survey revealed that superstitions are moderately prevalent and are primarily activated in stressful situations (e.g., exams, clinical practice). Overall, despite a skeptical attitude toward omens, many students use rituals to reduce anxiety and the illusion of control in stressful situations. Testing revealed that irrational beliefs are associated with an external locus of control and defense mechanisms (denial, avoidance), serving as a compensatory function for a deficit in subjective control. Unlike situational superstitions, traditional religious faith demonstrated a more complex structure, serving not only as a compensatory but also as a meaning-generating resource for the individual.

This article analyzes the use of digital technologies as a resource for developing creative thinking and willpower. Existing research and practices on interhemispheric interaction suggest a new stage in the development of human potential, as well as their use as specific preventative and therapeutic tools. The importance of artificial intelligence in organizing analytical thinking is examined, and recommendations for developing critical thinking are provided.