The goal is to analyze the ideas about the mental development of a child in infancy and early childhood according to the traditions of Russian science in the 20th century

Material and methods are articles, theses, manuals, textbooks and other psychological, pediatric and pedagogical literature related to infancy and early childhood.

Results: the main theories, options for age periodization, key parameters for assessing development, diagnostic tools, personalities, tasks of scientific and practical work of specialists are discussed

Conclusions: the authors present a generalized vision of the problems that originated in the scientific and practical line of development of the 20th century and moved into the 21^st century (theories, diagnostics).

The article considers the structure and content of the internal picture of infertility in patients with reproductive health disorders from the standpoint of the domestic concept of the internal picture of the disease, the theory of functional systems and modern reproductive psychology. The differences in the internal picture of infertility compared to the internal picture of the disease in somatic diseases, as well as the internal picture of treatment and the model of the result of infertility treatment are discussed: infertility does not affect the general health and does not threaten the life of the patient, does not limit the life and satisfaction of individual needs of a person, is a problem of a couple, not an individual, in the treatment of infertility, the therapeutic load for a woman is significantly higher than for a man, regardless of the combination of reproductive health disorders in the couple. The features of the sensory, emotional, cognitive and motivational-behavioral components of the internal picture of infertility of the patient and the difference in their content from the external picture of infertility available to the doctor, the picture of treatment and the model of the treatment result are described. The complex structure of motivation for infertility treatment is discussed, including two components: overcoming infertility as one's own reproductive inferiority and overcoming childlessness as the birth of a child and the transition to parenthood. The need for research into the variants of the internal picture of infertility, the internal picture of treatment and the model of treatment outcome in different groups of patients, as well as when using assisted reproductive technologies, is substantiated.

In modern society, there is a clear tendency to postpone childbirth to a later age, which necessitates an in-depth study of the psychological characteristics of pregnancy in women of older reproductive age (35 years and older), in particular, their attitude to pregnancy and the formation of attachment to the unborn child. Objective: to study the characteristics of attitude to pregnancy and the formation of attachment to the unborn child in women of older reproductive age. Materials and methods: 91 pregnant women aged 18 to 42 years, who were at a pregnancy term of 20 to 36 weeks, took part in the study. The following methods were used: pregnant women's attitudes test (PAT) (I.V. Dobryakov), perinatal anxiety screening scale (PASS-R) (Somerville et al., adapted by M.A. Korgozha, A.O. Evmenenko), maternal attachment scale (MAAS) (Condon J., adapted by M.E. Bloch). For statistical processing of the obtained empirical data, the methods of descriptive statistics, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney criterion (U), and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r) were used. Results: women of older reproductive age tend to have a more realistic, less euphoric attitude towards pregnancy, as well as a lower level of prenatal anxiety in all its components, in addition, women of older reproductive age demonstrate a higher quality of attachment to the unborn child; In women aged 35 and older, a closer relationship was found between the attitude towards pregnancy and the formation of attachment to the future child, which may indicate a greater integration of these psychological aspects of motherhood. Conclusions: the study convincingly demonstrates that the age of a mature mother is not so much a risk factor as a resource for the formation of high-quality maternal attachment and a responsible attitude towards motherhood.

The clinical and psychological characteristics and reproductive motivation of underage pregnant girls remain an urgent and significant research issue for specialists in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, clinical psychology and pedagogy. Studying the pregnancy maintenance motives will allow to identify constructive and destructive aspects in the value-motivational sphere of young mothers, which will allow us to qualitatively expand the content of psychoprophylactic measures aimed at preventing termination of pregnancy and abandonment of young parents by their newborn children. 42 respondents participated in the study of pregnancy maintenance motives: 17 first-time pregnant girls aged 15-17 years with a gestation period from 13 to 40 weeks, as well as 25 first-time pregnant women aged 19-31 years.

Results. In pregnant girls and women, regardless of their age, the predominance of constructive motivation for maintaining pregnancy was revealed. Underage pregnant girls are characterized by positive indicators of the quality and behavior of prenatal attachment to the child, as well as the optimal type of psychological component of gestational dominance. Young pregnant women are at risk of forming unrealistic ideas about motherhood, about the needs of the newborn and the specifics of caring for him, an inadequate understanding of the costs and needs of the family in connection with the birth of a child, and there are also tendencies to strengthendestructive motives such as «having a child in order to gain independence from parents» or «having a child «for spite» to a partner».

The article discusses reproductive orientations as a system of subjective priorities of an individual in the field of childbearing, which manifests itself in certain social conditions and is a form of internal control (self-control) over reproductive behavior. The purpose of the empirical study was to identify the content of reproductive orientations of girls in the context of their parental family composition. The study involved 120 girls aged 18-21, including 66 girls from complete families and 54 girls from single-parent families raised by mothers without the involvement of a father or stepfather. The study revealed common manifestations of reproductive orientations among girls raised in both full and single-parent families: the desire to show love and respect for a new life prevails, and family unity with a partner based on a sense of security is considered significant for having a child. At the same time, girls from full families are less likely to exhibit genophilia as an unconditional desire for offspring and reproductive activity as involvement in actions aimed at having a child and establishing contact with it, which reflects their high requirements for family conditions for raising a child.

This article presents the results of a study on parental involvement in early intervention programs in relation to their psychological characteristics. Thirty-seven parents from families receiving early intervention services were surveyed. The study examined the characteristics of their emotional state (Beck Depression and Anxiety Scales), their attitude toward their child (Parental Attitude Questionnaire by A. J. Varga and V. V. Stolin), their stress level (Perceived Stress Scale by S. Cohen and G. Williamson), their satisfaction with social support (G. Zimet's Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), parental adherence to recommendations (D. Morisky and L. Green's adapted compliance questionnaire), parental involvement (a questionnaire based on research by Hackworth N. J. et al.), and socio-demographic indicators. Research results: the level of parental involvement is significantly correlated with the depressive (r=-0.420, p≤0.05) and anxiety (r=0.334, p≤0.05) in parents, with higher levels of depression associated with lower levels of parental involvement in class activities (r=-0.381, p≤0.05). The level of perceived stress negatively correlates with the implementation of recommendations in daily routines (r=-0.642, p≤0.05); and support from significant others negatively correlates with class attendance (r=-0.432, p≤0.05). Thus, the results allow us to conclude that it is necessary to take into account the emotional state of parents, their stress levels, and the characteristics of social support when implementing early intervention programs in a family-centered approach to engage with children.

This article presents the results of a study examining the psychoemotional characteristics of mothers of children diagnosed with spina bifida in relation to the timing of diagnosis. The relevance of investigating the relationship between the timing of congenital malformation diagnosis and the severity of maternal distress is substantiated. Contemporary data on the impact of having a child with congenital anomalies on parents' psychoemotional state are described. Standardized psychodiagnostic instruments were employed: the Spielberger-Hanin Anxiety Scale (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). It was established that mothers of children with spina bifida demonstrate statistically significantly higher levels of state and trait anxiety, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress compared to the control group. Significant inverse correlations were identified between the timing of diagnosis and all psychoemotional indicators. Regression analysis confirmed that diagnostic timing explains 20% to 28% of the variance in maternal distress.

The article discusses psychological and social factors influencing the reproductive plans of women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. An analysis of the literature on this topic and the study showed that women's reproductive plans change upon detection of an oncological disease and during its treatment. A study of the organization of medical information processes and referral of women to reproductive health programs in the Russian Federation indicates that patients are insufficiently informed about the possibilities of using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) before the start of antitumor treatment. The article presents the results of a study of the reproductive plans of women with breast cancer using a specially developed questionnaire. The socio-psychological factors influencing changes in reproductive plans in women with breast cancer are identified, associated with insufficient awareness of women about the impact of the disease and its treatment on the possibility of childbearing, on their health and the health of the future child, as well as an almost complete lack of awareness of the possibilities of using ART for planning childbearing and maintaining their health after the end of treatment. The data obtained in the study show that timely information, correct and fast routing, as well as psychological assistance at each stage of treatment will help a woman make a decision in favor of using ART programs, as well as implementing motherhood in the future.

The article is a review of a monograph devoted to issues affecting the features of the formation and implementation of the maternal sphere at the current stage of historical development, in the era of postmodernism and the information and communication revolution. This monograph addresses current issues related to the reproductive health of young people and describes normative models of motherhood for women with young children. It also focuses on the specifics of counseling women in the early postpartum period after the birth of a child with a medical condition.